Canadian Chess - Sponsor Us - History of chess in Canada

Written and copyright 2011 by David Cohen.
Main web site & contact: Canadian Chess.

History of chess in Canada

1000 A.D.

Scandinavian countries had their own board games with pieces, and these were not necessarily derived from chess. Around 1,000 A.D. they arrived in Canada, at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland. Although no chess boards or pieces were excavated at the site, the National Historic Site's display contains a replica of a Scandinavian 'chess' piece from a period several hundred years later. The Viking crews passed several winters at the site, repairing their ships. It is possible that they brought their games with them, or manufactured them on the spot, so chess in some form may have been played there in Canada for the first time.

17th century

Chess has certainly been played in Canada since the early 18th century, and probably since the late 17th century. Alexandre de Chaumont, aide-de-camp of de Tracy (Lt.-Gen. of the armies of the King of France in America), was one of the best chess players in France in 1665. He would not have spent his two years in the French colony (now Quebec) without playing chess.

18th century

The earliest documented playing of chess in Canada is correspondence of Louis-Guillaume Verrier, Solicitor-General of Quebec, which documents his chess playing with the Intendant of Quebec, Hocquart, 1728-58.

The chess set in the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa was donated by Fred Hale. According to him, this was the set his ancestor, General Sir John Hale, "and General Wolfe played with on their way over to the taking of Quebec" in 1759.

Organized local chess in Canada dates from the late 18th century. Richard Bulkeley was president of a 'chess, pencil, and brush club' in Halifax, Nova Scotia from about 1787.

19th century

By the 19th century, chess was played in taverns in Quebec; and in the homes of families in Quebec and Ontario. In the 1800s, life in Canada was based on a rural, farming economy, so it was slow in the winter-time. It was common practice after dinner in a comfortable home to retire to the drawing room, where the men played games, including chess. A historical display at the home of William Lyon Mackenzie in Toronto contains a chess set.

Another popular past-time was composing and solving chess problems. There was also a growth in correspondence chess, between individuals and between chess clubs in different cities.

1840s

The first chess clubs were founded in Quebec City (around 1840), Kingston (by 1841), Montreal (1844), and Toronto (by 1846). Canadian chess games were published in newspapers. In 1841, the first correspondence chess game in Canada took place, between the Quebec City and Kingston chess clubs.

1872

Organized chess played over the board among players in different cities began with the formation of the Canadian Chess Association (CCA) at Hamilton, Ontario, on September 24. University of Toronto Professor John Cherriman was elected the first CCA President. The CCA's original purpose was to hold a tournament, the championship of its association and of Canada. This first tournament attracted 16 players from Ontario and Quebec, but was never completed, as the competitors were distracted by the business of the accompanying agricultural fair. Succeeding events were held almost annually up to the turn of the century. The championship was usually held in the main centres of chess activity: Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal and Quebec City.

The first Canadian chess book, a collection of chess problems, was published: 100 Gems of Chess, edited by Thomas D.S. Moore, published by the Western Advertiser, London, Ontario.

1873

The first Canadian Correspondence Chess Tournament, organized by CCA and its President, John Cherriman, was won by Henry Robertson.

The first completed Canadian Chess Championship was organized by CCA at Toronto, Ontario.

The first recorded blindfold exhibition was given by Albert Ensor.

1879

The Ontario Chess Association (OCA) was founded at Guelph on December 12.

1880

The first Ontario Chess Championship was held, won by W.M. Stark.

1881

George Casey, Member of Parliament for West Elgin, competed in the Canadian Championship.

1884

Future World Chess Championship contestant Johannes Zukertort gave simultaneous exhibitions and 12 board blindfold simultaneous exhibitions during a tour of Toronto, Ottawa and Montreal.

1885

Frank Marshall moves to Canada around this time and learns to play chess, later becoming U.S. Chess Champion (1909-36).

1886

Nicholas MacLeod, age 16, establishes the record - still unbeaten - for the youngest player to win the Canadian Chess Championship.

1888

The CCA's first trophy for the Canadian Chess Championship was permanently awarded to Nicholas MacLeod. His family donated the second trophy. James Narraway accomplished the first of his five Canadian Chess Championship first place finishes.

1889

Nicholas MacLeod played in the New York tournament, held to select a challenger to World Chess Champion Wilhelm Steinitz; he set a record for most losses in one tournament, 31.

James Narraway wins his correspondence game against famous problem composer Sam Loyd, on Board 1 in the Canada - USA match.

1892

Former Canadian Chess Champion Nicholas MacLeod defeated future World Chess Champion Emanuel Lasker, in a simultaneous exhibition given by the latter at Quebec City.

1893

Reigning World Chess Champion Wilhelm Steinitz played 16 in a simultaneous exhibition at the Montreal Chess Club.

1894

The last eight games of the World Chess Championship match, between Wilhelm Steinitz (Champion) and Emanuel Lasker (Challenger), are held at Montreal.

1895

William Pollock represents Canada at the prestigious chess tournament held at Hastings, England.

1899

Magnus Smith wins the first of his three consecutive Canadian Chess Championships.

1901

First Canadian chess magazine, Checkmate, published by J.H. Graham, 1901-4, at Prescott, Ontario.

1904

The CCA's third trophy, the Drewery Cup, was donated in 1904, when the Canadian Chess Championship moved west for the first time, to Winnipeg, Manitoba (where the trophy is on display in the City of Winnipeg Archives).

1907

Canadian Chess Champion Magnus Smith defeats World Chess Champion Emanuel Lasker in a simultaneous exhibition given by the latter at Winnipeg.

1910

John Morrison accomplished his first of six Canadian Chess Championship first place finishes.

1921

Canadian Correspondence Chess Association (CCCA) founded.

1922

1924

1932

CCA re-organized by Bernard Freedman as the Canadian Chess Federation (CCF). Freedman served as Canada's representative to FIDE from 1934-57.

1934

First Canadian Boys Championship held in Toronto, in conjunction with the Canadian Championship.

1936

The Canadian Senior Boys Chess Championship and the first Canadian Major Chess Championship, both won by D. Abraham Yanofsky of Winnipeg, were held alongside the Canadian Chess Championship before large crowds at the Canadian National Exhibition in Toronto. Newspaper headlines brought Yanofsky to national attention.

Bernard Freedman sponsors a visit by young American master Arthur Dake to Toronto to give simultaneous exhibition against local club members; Freedman will go on to sponsor many top Canadian juniors, including Yanofsky.

1939

Canada represented at the Chess Olympiad team competition for the first time, thanks to funding by Bernard Freedman. Canada ties for first in the 'B' group. Canada wins its first Board medal at the Chess Olympiads, as D. Abraham Yanofsky wins Gold on Board 2. Annabelle Lougheed became the first Canadian to compete for the Women's World Chess Championship, in the concurrent tournament at Buenos Aires, Argentina.

1940s

1942

D. Abraham Yanofsky becomes U.S. Open Chess Champion.

1943

New Brunswick hosts its first national championship, as the Canadian Chess Championship is held at Dalhousie. D. Abraham Yanofsky wins with a perfect score.

1945

1946

Harry Yanofsky of Winnipeg wins the U.S. Inter-collegiate Chess Championship.

1947

1948

1949

Maurice Fox sets the current record by winning the Canadian Chess Championship for the 8th time.

1950

1951

1952

D. Abraham Yanofsky first Canadian invited to the prestigious 14th Hoogovens tournament at Beverwijk, Netherlands, finishing 3rd.

1953

D. Abraham Yanofsky becomes British Chess Champion.

1954

1955

1956

1957

1959

1960s

The Canadian style in chess, which "involves non-committal preservation of options, often connected with a slow development of the pieces" according to Lawrence Day, was developed in the 1960s by Duncan Suttles and influenced a generation of Canadian chess players.

1960

First Universities Team Chess Championship was held, won by Queen's University.

1962

Laszlo (Leslie) Witt wins the Canadian Open Chess Championship with a perfect score.

1964

D. Abraham Yanofsky becomes Canada's first International Grandmaster (GM), and the first GM to be raised in the British Commonwealth.

1965

1967

1969

1970s

The word 'cheapo', meaning a swindle, entered the English language from Canadian chess slang. It originated at the University of Toronto's Hart House Chess Club in the early 1970s.

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

Kevin Spraggett World Open Chess Champion.

1984

1985

1986

1987

Vinod (Vinny) Puri wins Canadian Junior (Under 20) Chess Championship for 3rd year in a row.

1988

1989

1992

Denis Pineault wins North American Correspondence Chess Championship.

1993

1994

1995

1996

Murray Campbell member of programming team for Deep Blue, which defeated World Chess Champion Gary Kasparov in a game, the first time this was accomplished against a reigning World Chess Champion.

1997

Murray Campbell member of programming team for Deep Blue, which defeated World Chess Champion Gary Kasparov in a match, the first time this was accomplished against a reigning World Chess Champion.

1998

Lawrence Day represents Canada for a record 13th time at the Chess Olympiads.

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010